The ability to communicate through speech is important for social interaction. We rely on the ability to communicate with each other even in noisy conditions. Ideally, the speech is easy to understand but this is not always the case, if the speech is degraded, e.g., due to background noise, distortion or hearing impairment. One of the most important factors to consider in relation to such degradations is speech intelligibility, which is a measure of how easy or difficult it is to understand the speech. In this thesis, the focus is on the topic of speech intelligibility prediction. The thesis consists of an introduction to the field of speech intelligibility prediction and a collection of scientific papers. The introduction provides a background to the challenges with speech communication in noisy conditions, followed by an introduction to how speech is produced and ...

Using a hearing device is one of the most successful approaches to partially restore the degraded functionality of an impaired auditory system. However, due to the complex structure of the human auditory system, hearing impairment can manifest itself in different ways and, therefore, its compensation can be achieved through different classes of hearing devices. Although the majority of hearing devices consists of conventional hearing aids (HAs), several other classes of hearing devices have been developed. For instance, bone-conduction devices (BCDs) and cochlear implants (CIs) have successfully been used for more than thirty years. More recently, other classes of implantable devices have been developed such as middle ear implants (MEIs), implantable BCDs, and direct acoustic cochlear implants (DACIs). Most of these different classes of hearing devices rely on a sound processor running different algorithms able to compensate for the hearing impairment. ...

In many speech applications such as hands-free telephony or voice-controlled home assistants, the distance between the user and the recording microphones can be relatively large. In such a far-field scenario, the recorded microphone signals are typically corrupted by noise and reverberation, which may severely degrade the performance of speech recognition systems and reduce intelligibility and quality of speech in communication applications. In order to limit these effects, speech enhancement algorithms are typically applied. The main objective of this thesis is to develop novel speech enhancement algorithms for noisy and reverberant environments and signal-based measures to evaluate these algorithms, focusing on solutions that are applicable in realistic scenarios. First, we propose a single-channel speech enhancement algorithm for joint noise and reverberation reduction. The proposed algorithm uses a spectral gain to enhance the input signal, where the gain is computed using a ...

Cochlear implants (CI) are surgically implanted hearing aids that provide auditory sensations to deaf people through direct electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. Although relatively good speech understanding can be achieved by implanted subjects, pitch perception by CI subjects is about 50 times worse than observed for normal-hearing (NH) persons. Pitch is, however, important for intonation, music, speech understanding in tonal languages, and for separating multiple simultaneous sound sources. The major goal of this work is to improve pitch perception by CI subjects. In CI subjects two fundamental mechanisms are used for pitch perception: place pitch and temporal pitch. Our results show that place pitch is correlated to the sound¢s brightness because place pitch sensation is related to the centroid of the excitation pattern along the cochlea. The slopes of the excitation pattern determine place pitch sensitivity. Our results also ...

Identifying the target speaker in hearing aid applications is an essential ingredient to improve speech intelligibility. Although several speech enhancement algorithms are available to reduce background noise or to perform source separation in multi-speaker scenarios, their performance depends on correctly identifying the target speaker to be enhanced. Recent advances in electroencephalography (EEG) have shown that it is possible to identify the target speaker which the listener is attending to using single-trial EEG-based auditory attention decoding (AAD) methods. However, in realistic acoustic environments the AAD performance is influenced by undesired disturbances such as interfering speakers, noise and reverberation. In addition, it is important for real-world hearing aid applications to close the AAD loop by presenting on-line auditory feedback. This thesis deals with the problem of identifying and enhancing the target speaker in realistic acoustic environments based on decoding the auditory attention ...

Reverberation is the sum of reflected sound waves and is present in any conventional room. Speech communication devices such as mobile phones in hands-free mode, tablets, smart TVs, teleconferencing systems, hearing aids, voice-controlled systems, etc. use one or more microphones to pick up the desired speech signals. When the microphones are not in the proximity of the desired source, strong reverberation and noise can degrade the signal quality at the microphones and can impair the intelligibility and the performance of automatic speech recognizers. Therefore, it is a highly demanded task to process the microphone signals such that reverberation and noise are reduced. The process of reducing or removing reverberation from recorded signals is called dereverberation. As dereverberation is usually a completely blind problem, where the only available information are the microphone signals, and as the acoustic scenario can be non-stationary, ...

The interest in the field of speech enhancement emerges from the increased usage of digital speech processing applications like mobile telephony, digital hearing aids and human-machine communication systems in our daily life. The trend to make these applications mobile increases the variety of potential sources for quality degradation. Speech enhancement methods can be used to increase the quality of these speech processing devices and make them more robust under noisy conditions. The name "speech enhancement" refers to a large group of methods that are all meant to improve certain quality aspects of these devices. Examples of speech enhancement algorithms are echo control, bandwidth extension, packet loss concealment and noise reduction. In this thesis we focus on single-microphone additive noise reduction and aim at methods that work in the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) domain. The main objective of the presented research ...

This thesis describes the application of a perceptually based spectral subtraction algorithm for the enhancement of non-stationary noise corrupted speech. Through examination of speech enhancement techniques, explanations are given for the choice of magnitude spectral subtraction and how the human auditory system can be modelled for frequency domain speech enhancement. It is discovered, that the cochlea provides the mechanical speech enhancement in the auditory system, through the use of masking. Frequency masking is used in spectral subtraction, to improve the algorithm execution time, and to shape the enhancement process making it sound natural to the ear. A new technique for estimation of background noise is presented, which operates during speech sections as well as pauses. This uses two microphones placed on opposite ends of the cellular handset. Using these, the algorithm determines whether the signal is speech, or noise, by ...

A Cochlear Implant (CI) is a medical device that enables profoundly hearing impaired people to perceive sounds by electrically stimulating the auditory nerve using an electrode array implanted in the cochlea. The focus of most research on signal processing for CIs has been on strategies to improve speech understanding in quiet and in background noise, since the main aim for implanting a CI was (and still is) to restore the ability to communicate. Most CI users perform quite well in terms of speech understanding. On the other hand, music perception and appreciation are generally very poor. The main goal of this PhD project was to investigate and to improve the poor music enjoyment in CI users. An initial experiment with multi-track recordings was carried out to examine the music mixing preferences for different instruments in polyphonic or complex music. In ...

Single-channel speech enhancement refers to the reduction of noise signal components in a single-channel signal composed of both speech and noise. Spectral speech enhancement methods are among the most popular approaches to solving this problem. Since the short-time spectral amplitude has been identified as a highly perceptually relevant quantity, most conventional approaches rely on processing the amplitude spectrum only, ignoring any information that may be contained in the spectral phase. As a consequence, the noisy short-time spectral phase is neither enhanced for the purpose of signal reconstruction nor is it used for refining short-time spectral amplitude estimates. This thesis investigates the use of the spectral phase and its structure in algorithms for single-channel speech enhancement. This includes the analysis of the spectral phase in the context of theoretically optimal speech estimators. The resulting knowledge is exploited in formulating single-channel speech ...

One in five experiences hearing loss. The World Health Organization estimates that this number will increase to one in four in 2050. Luckily, effective hearing devices such as hearing aids and cochlear implants exist with advanced speaker enhancement algorithms that can significantly improve the quality of life of people suffering from hearing loss. State-of-the-art hearing devices, however, underperform in a so-called `cocktail party' scenario, when multiple persons are talking simultaneously (such as at a family dinner or reception). In such a situation, the hearing device does not know which speaker the user intends to attend to and thus which speaker to enhance and which other ones to suppress. Therefore, a new problem arises in cocktail party problems: determining which speaker a user is attending to, referred to as the auditory attention decoding (AAD) problem. The problem of selecting the attended ...

Humans without larynx need to use a substitution voice to re-obtain speech. The electro-larynx (EL) is a widely used device but is known for its unnatural and monotonic speech quality. Previous research tackled these problems, but until now no significant improvements could be reported. The EL speech system is a complex system including hardware (artificial excitation source or sound transducer) and software (control and generation of the artificial excitation signal). It is not enough to consider one separated problem, but all aspects of the EL speech system need to be taken into account. In this thesis we would like to push forward the boundaries of the conventional EL device towards a new bionic electro-larynx speech system. We formulate two overall scenarios: a closed-loop scenario, where EL speech is excited and simultaneously recorded using an EL speech system, and the artificial ...

Due to their decreased ability to understand speech hearing impaired may have difficulties to interact in social groups, especially when several people are talking simultaneously. Fortunately, in the last decades hearing aids have evolved from simple sound amplifiers to modern digital devices with complex functionalities including noise reduction algorithms, which are crucial to improve speech understanding in background noise for hearing-impaired persons. Since many hearing aid users are fitted with two hearing aids, so-called binaural hearing aids have been developed, which exchange data and signals through a wireless link such that the processing in both hearing aids can be synchronized. In addition to reducing noise and limiting speech distortion, another important objective of noise reduction algorithms in binaural hearing aids is the preservation of the listener’s impression of the acoustical scene, in order to exploit the binaural hearing advantage and ...

Advances in wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring devices have allowed for new cardiovascular applications to emerge beyond diagnostics, such as stress and fatigue detection, athletic performance assessment, sleep disorder characterization, mood recognition, activity surveillance, biometrics, and fitness tracking, to name a few. Such devices, however, are prone to artifacts, particularly due to movement, thus hampering heart rate and heart rate variability measurement and posing a serious threat to cardiac monitoring applications. To address these issues, this thesis proposes the use of a spectro-temporal signal representation called “modulation spectrum”, which is shown to accurately separate cardiac and noise components from the ECG signals, thus opening doors for noise-robust ECG signal processing tools and applications. First, an innovative ECG quality index based on the modulation spectral signal representation is proposed. The representation quantifies the rate-of-change of ECG spectral components, which are shown to ...

Much like natural language, music is highly structured, with strong priors on the likelihood of note sequences. In automatic speech recognition (ASR), these priors are called language models, which are used in addition to acoustic models and participate greatly to the success of today's systems. However, in Automatic Music Transcription (AMT), ASR's musical equivalent, Music Language Models (MLMs) are rarely used. AMT can be defined as the process of extracting a symbolic representation from an audio signal, describing which notes were played at what time. In this thesis, we investigate the design of MLMs using recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and their use for AMT. We first look into MLM performance on a polyphonic prediction task. We observe that using musically-relevant timesteps results in desirable MLM behaviour, which is not reflected in usual evaluation metrics. We compare our model against benchmark ...