This thesis describes the application of a perceptually based spectral subtraction algorithm for the enhancement of non-stationary noise corrupted speech. Through examination of speech enhancement techniques, explanations are given for the choice of magnitude spectral subtraction and how the human auditory system can be modelled for frequency domain speech enhancement. It is discovered, that the cochlea provides the mechanical speech enhancement in the auditory system, through the use of masking. Frequency masking is used in spectral subtraction, to improve the algorithm execution time, and to shape the enhancement process making it sound natural to the ear. A new technique for estimation of background noise is presented, which operates during speech sections as well as pauses. This uses two microphones placed on opposite ends of the cellular handset. Using these, the algorithm determines whether the signal is speech, or noise, by ...

Despite the outstanding progress made on automatic speech recognition (ASR) throughout the last decades, noise-robust ASR still poses a challenge. Tackling with acoustic noise in ASR systems is more important than ever before for a twofold reason: 1) ASR technology has begun to be extensively integrated in intelligent mobile devices (IMDs) such as smartphones to easily accomplish different tasks (e.g. search-by-voice), and 2) IMDs can be used anywhere at any time, that is, under many different acoustic (noisy) conditions. On the other hand, with the aim of enhancing noisy speech, IMDs have begun to embed small microphone arrays, i.e. microphone arrays comprised of a few sensors close each other. These multi-sensor IMDs often embed one microphone (usually at their rear) intended to capture the acoustic environment more than the speaker’s voice. This is the so-called secondary microphone. While classical microphone ...

Machine vision applies computer vision to industry and manufacturing in order to control or analyze a process or activity. Typical application of machine vision is the inspection of produced goods like electronic devices, automobiles, food and pharmaceuticals. Machine vision systems form their judgement based on specially designed image processing softwares. Therefore, image processing is very crucial for their accuracy. Food industry is among the industries that largely use image processing for inspection of produce. Fruits and vegetables have extremely varying physical appearance. Numerous defect types present for apples as well as high natural variability of their skin color brings apple fruits into the center of our interest. Traditional inspection of apple fruits is performed by human experts. But, automation of this process is necessary to reduce error, variation, fatigue and cost due to human experts as well as to increase ...

The interest in the field of speech enhancement emerges from the increased usage of digital speech processing applications like mobile telephony, digital hearing aids and human-machine communication systems in our daily life. The trend to make these applications mobile increases the variety of potential sources for quality degradation. Speech enhancement methods can be used to increase the quality of these speech processing devices and make them more robust under noisy conditions. The name "speech enhancement" refers to a large group of methods that are all meant to improve certain quality aspects of these devices. Examples of speech enhancement algorithms are echo control, bandwidth extension, packet loss concealment and noise reduction. In this thesis we focus on single-microphone additive noise reduction and aim at methods that work in the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) domain. The main objective of the presented research ...

The large number of practical applications involving digital images has motivated a significant interest towards restoration solutions that improve the visual quality of the data under the presence of various acquisition and compression artifacts. Digital images are the results of an acquisition process based on the measurement of a physical quantity of interest incident upon an imaging sensor over a specified period of time. The quantity of interest depends on the targeted imaging application. Common imaging sensors measure the number of photons impinging over a dense grid of photodetectors in order to produce an image similar to what is perceived by the human visual system. Different applications focus on the part of the electromagnetic spectrum not visible by the human visual system, and thus require different sensing technologies to form the image. In all cases, even with the advance of ...

In this work, we study the application of wavelet analysis for robust speech processing. Reliable time-scale features (TS) which characterize the relevant phonetic classes such as voiced (V), unvoiced (UV), silence (S), mixed-excitation, and stop sounds are extracted. By training neural and Bayesian networks, the classification rates provided by only 7 TS features are mostly similar to the ones obtained by 13 MFCC features. The TS features are further enhanced to design a reliable and low-complexity V/UV/S classifier. Quantile filtering and slope tracking are used for deriving adaptive thresholds. A robust voice activity detector is then built and used as a pre-processing stage to improve the performance of a speaker verification system. Based on wavelet shrinkage, a statistical wavelet filtering (SWF) method is designed for speech enhancement. Non-stationary and colored noise is handled by employing quantile filtering and time-frequency adaptive ...

Speech communication frequently suffers from transmitted background noises. Numerous speech enhancement algorithms have thus been proposed to obtain a speech signal with a reduced amount of background noise and better speech quality. In most cases they are analytically derived as spectral weighting rules for given error criteria along with statistical models of the speech and noise spectra. However, as these spectral distributions are indeed not easy to be measured and modeled, such algorithms achieve in practice only a suboptimal performance. In the development of state-of-the-art algorithms, speech and noise training data is commonly exploited for the statistical modeling of the respective spectral distributions. In this thesis, the training data is directly applied to train data-driven speech enhancement algorithms, avoiding any modeling of the spectral distributions. Two applications are proposed: (1) A set of spectral weighting rules is trained from noise ...

Recent academic developments have initiated a paradigm shift in the way spatial sensor data can be acquired. Traditional localized and regularly arranged sensor arrays are replaced by sensor nodes that are randomly distributed over the entire spatial field, and which communicate with each other or with a master node through wireless communication links. Together, these nodes form a so-called ‘wireless sensor network’ (WSN). Each node of a WSN has a local sensor array and a signal processing unit to perform computations on the acquired data. The advantage of WSNs compared to traditional (wired) sensor arrays, is that many more sensors can be used that physically cover the full spatial field, which typically yields more variety (and thus more information) in the signals. It is likely that future data acquisition, control and physical monitoring, will heavily rely on this type of ...

Digital image acquisition is an intricate process, which is subject to various errors. Some of these errors are signal-dependent, whereas others are signal-independent. In particular, photon emission and sensing are inherently random physical processes, which in turn substantially contribute to the randomness in the output of the imaging sensor. This signal-dependent noise can be approximated through a Poisson distribution. On the other hand, there are various signal-independent noise sources involved in the image capturing chain, arising from the physical properties and imperfections of the imaging hardware. The noise attributed to these sources is typically modelled collectively as additive white Gaussian noise. Hence, we have three common ways of modelling the noise present in a digital image: Gaussian, Poisson, or Poisson-Gaussian. Image denoising aims at removing or attenuating this noise from the captured image, in order to provide an estimate of ...

Earth observation and land-cover analysis became a reality in the last 2-3 decades thanks to NASA airborne and spacecrafts such as Landsat. Inclusion of Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) technology in some of these platforms has made possible acquiring large data sets, with high potential in analytical tasks but at the cost of advanced signal processing. In this thesis, effective/efficient feature extraction methods are proposed. Initially, contributions are introduced for efficient computation of the covariance matrix widely used in data reduction methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA). By taking advantage of the cube structure in HSI, onsite and real-time covariance computation is achieved, reducing memory requirements as well. Furthermore, following the PCA algorithm, a novel method called Folded-PCA (Fd-PCA) is proposed for efficiency while extracting both global and local features within the spectral pixels, achieved by folding the spectral samples from ...

Audio systems receive the speech signals of interest usually in the presence of noise. The noise has profound impacts on the quality and intelligibility of the speech signals, and it is therefore clear that the noisy signals must be cleaned up before being played back, stored, or analyzed. We can estimate the speech signal of interest from the noisy signals using a priori knowledge about it. A human speech signal is broadband and consists of both voiced and unvoiced parts. The voiced part is quasi-periodic with a time-varying fundamental frequency (or pitch as it is commonly referred to). We consider the periodic signals basically as the sum of harmonics. Therefore, we can pass the noisy signals through bandpass filters centered at the frequencies of the harmonics to enhance the signal. In addition, although the frequencies of the harmonics are the ...

In the modern world, we are increasingly surrounded by computation devices with communication links and one or more microphones. Such devices are, for example, smartphones, tablets, laptops or hearing aids. These devices can work together as nodes in an acoustic sensor network (ASN). Such networks are a growing platform that opens the possibility for many practical applications. ASN based speech enhancement, source localization, and event detection can be applied for teleconferencing, camera control, automation, or assisted living. For this kind of applications, the awareness of auditory objects and their spatial positioning are key properties. In order to provide these two kinds of information, novel methods have been developed in this thesis. Information on the type of auditory objects is provided by a novel real-time sound classification method. Information on the position of human speakers is provided by a novel localization ...

The topic of this thesis is methods of pre-processing speech signals for robust estimation of model parameters in models of these signals. Here, there is a special focus on the situation where the desired signal is contaminated by colored noise. In order to estimate the speech signal, or its voiced and unvoiced components, from a noisy observation, it is important to have robust estimators that can handle colored and non-stationary noise. Two important aspects are investigated. The first one is a robust estimation of the speech signal parameters, such as the fundamental frequency, which is required in many contexts. For this purpose, fast estimation methods based on a simple white Gaussian noise (WGN) assumption are often used. To keep using those methods, the noisy signal can be pre-processed using a filter. If the colored noise is modelled as an autoregressive ...

The field of Life Science Engineering (LSE) is rapidly expanding and predicted to grow strongly in the next decades. It covers areas of food and medical research, plant and pests’ research, and environmental research. In each research area, engineers try to find equations that model a certain life science problem. Once found, they research different numerical techniques to solve for the unknown variables of these equations. Afterwards, solution improvement is examined by adopting more accurate conventional techniques, or developing novel algorithms. In particular, signal and image processing techniques are widely used to solve those LSE problems require pattern recognition. However, due to the continuous evolution of the life science problems and their natures, these solution techniques can not cover all aspects, and therefore demanding further enhancement and improvement. The thesis presents numerical algorithms of digital signal and image processing to ...

The topic of this thesis is speech enhancement with a focus on models of voiced speech. Speech is divided into two subcategories dependent on the characteristics of the signal. One part is the voiced speech, the other is the unvoiced. In this thesis, we primarily focus on the voiced speech parts and utilise the structure of the signal in relation to speech enhancement. The basis for the models is the harmonic model which is a very often used model for voiced speech because it describes periodic signals perfectly. First, we consider the problem of non-stationarity in the speech signal. The speech signal changes its characteristics continuously over time whereas most speech analysis and enhancement methods assume stationarity within 20-30 ms. We propose to change the model to allow the fundamental frequency to vary linearly over time by introducing a chirp ...